Shortstops and DFTs

This year’s BP includes a new way of measuring fielding. Significantly, it is,
to my knowledge, the first book that has attempted to apply fielding measures
to minor league players. To give everyone a better idea of how the fielding
system works and, most importantly for judging current players, has worked in
the past, I’m starting a retrospective look through major league history. This
is especially important because the results I get are often different – and
occasionally, dramatically different – from the results other analysts,
primarily Pete Palmer’s Fielding Runs (FR) and Sherri Nichols’ Defensive
Average (DA). Davenport Fielding Translations (DFTs for now) are much kinder to
Roberto Alomar, for instance, than Palmer’s FRs ever were, while not nearly so
nice to John Valentin as Defensive Average was.

A problem with assessing fielding statistics is that, unlike batting stats,
there are no clear, objective standards to serve as a basis for comparison. We
are forced to compare them to conventional wisdom, and the fielding statistics
produced thus far don’t follow that wisdom very closely. I’ve done my share of
bashing the baseball establishment, but I have to doubt whether that many
people can really be as wrong as some fielding statistics say they are. They
could be, or it could be that the statistics aren’t being used correctly.

I. Overview of the method

Like Palmer’s system, DFTs depend on the basic defensive statistics kept by
organized baseball, not the ratings and information that has been accumulated
in recent years by Elias or STATS. The biggest difference is the formulation of
a sort of “park factor” for each position and team, a factor that depends not
so much on the park, but on the teammates of the player involved. In principle,
this “fielding factor” is an estimate of how many more, or fewer, real chances
this player is likely to have had relative to the other players at his
position. Only with that knowledge can you make a reliable use of the defensive
statistics.

So what goes in to these factors?

1. Balls in play. The single biggest error in Palmer’s work, in my opinion, is
   that it uses the game – 27 outs – as its rate counter. This is wrong, wrong,
   wrong, because every team, no matter how good or bad it is in the field, is
   eventually going to get 27 outs. Errors are the only way he’d differentiate a
   good team from a bad one; but in most cases it’s not the errors, it’s the hits
   that are getting through that define a bad defensive team. So I estimate the
   number of balls the team’s pitchers allow into play, essentially at-bats minus
   strikeouts minus home runs (which is, in essence, James’ Defensive Efficiency
   Rating), to get a much better foundation for the system. I do take the overall
   park factor into account here, an obvious flaw that I overlooked before the
   book went into print, which will cause some numbers I present here to differ
   from those in this year’s book.

2. Ground ball/fly ball teams. Some pitchers, and consequently pitching staffs,
   have definite leanings towards one type of out or the other. There are ballpark
   tendencies that influence this; the Cubs and Red Sox almost always seem to have
   groundball-leaning staffs, while the Oakland As of the `70s and `80s put up the
   highest flyball ratios in history. Team groundball-flyball ratios can generally
   be estimated well by comparing total infield assists to total outfield putouts,
   but it is impossible to be certain whether a given ratio results from a
   genuinely uneven distribution of ground balls and fly balls or a genuine
   defensive imbalance between the two. In handing out the ratings, I assume that
   both are at work evenly; if a team’s ratio is .90, I rate the team at .95. In
   biblical words, I split the baby.

3. Left/right splits – Primarily in the modern game, the handedness of the
   pitching staff affects the distribution of balls towards the pitcher’s opposite
   hand. Lots of left handed pitching usually means more chances for third
   basemen, less for first basemen, with a smaller effect on second basemen and
   shortstops.

Currently, the ratings are set by considering the entire pitching staff as a
whole. It is certainly conceivable that treating the pitchers as individuals,
and summing their individual contributions, would result in different team
ratings, and that’s an area for future research.

The three factors above produce a rating for a position, like .91, that I
interpret as a chance modifier; a player who played in 100 real games only got
as many chances as an average league player would have gotten in 91 games, so
we shouldn’t be surprised that his defensive statistics are lower. It is no
surprise to me that league-leading assist performances are often accompanied by
ratings of 110-120 relative to their peers.

II. Dave Concepcion


Dave Concepcion, shortstop for the Big Red Machine in the 70s, was considered
by the people of the time as a terrific shortstop. He won five Gold Gloves in
the six seasons from 1974-79, missing only in 1978; any chance at a Gold Glove
after ’79 had an Ozzie Smith-sized roadblock in the way.

Palmer’s Fielding Runs doesn’t think too much of him. During his five Gold
Glove seasons he is credited with +57 runs, a respectable amount, but nothing
special. Only once did he lead NL SS in FR. More remarkably, FR says he went
downhill dramatically after the ’82 season, charging him with a staggering -82
runs in 1983-85. For his career, Total Baseball says, he totaled -36 runs. Even
without the last three seasons as a regular, he would only total +46 runs, or
about +4 per 162 games.

These two things don’t appear to have much in common. Which one do you believe
is closer to the truth?

I think FR are way off base here. The Reds of the mid-70s were an outstanding
team, both offensively and defensively. One of the problems that comes with
FR’s adherence to using the “game” as a time unit is that players are judged as
much against their team as against the other players in the league. A good
fielder on a poor fielding team will be rated higher, by Palmer’s methods, than
an equal fielder on a good team. The 1974-77 Reds featured four Gold Glove
winners, which suggests the observers of the time certainly thought they were a
great fielding team, and would lead to the entire squad being underrated in FR.
The story as I see it is of a player who was always playing in an environment
that was not favorable to piling up large defensive numbers, with fielding
factors in the mid-90s during his Gold Glove years, and adjustments into the
80s during the `80s. The picture I get is very different from Pete Palmer’s:

“Difficulty” is the park factor, if you will, for Cincinnati shortstops.
“Player rating” is the DFT, as a rate of performance, with 100 being average,
86 absolutely terrible, and anything over 110 being absolutely wonderful. Runs
above average is how my rate statistic, and his playing time, would convert
into an FR-like number.

	Diff	Player	RAA	Palmer's DR
Year	Rating	Rating	(Me)	(Web)
1970	101	96	-5	-8
1971	102	95	-7	-6
1972	100	103	5	3
1973	106	105	7	2
1974	95	113	31	9
1975	99	111	22	9
1976	96	108	19	17
1977	91	113	29	8
1978	95	104	9	-5
1979	98	105	12	14
1980	91	102	4	-13
1981	89	107	11	4
1982	96	104	9	13
1983	87	106	12	-21
1984	89	97	-4	-30
1985	88	100	0	-31
1986	100	106	4	-2

Notice that there is a strong, though not perfect, correlation between the
difficulty factor and the difference between me and Palmer. Concepcion played
almost his entire career in an environment that depressed his defensive
statistics as much as the 1960s Chavez Ravine suppressed hitting. He starts off
as a slightly below average SS, and gradually improves for a few years before
breaking through at age 26, rides a very strong four-year peak before falling
back a notch, and continues at a roughly +10/year pace until falling back to
average in his last two seasons as a regular. In other words, a very normal
career progression, with everything easily explicable, including the Gold
Gloves and keeping his job in the early 1980s. A rating that incidentally
judges his career to have been not an extremely ordinary fielder, but an
impressive +153, placing him amongst history’s elite (11th on the all-time
list).

Nor is Concepcion an isolated case. Here are some others where the difference
between FR and my RAA differ by at least 50 runs:

Player			Me	Pete	Me-Pete
Gene Alley		8	70	-62
Dave Bancroft		54	204	-150
Jack Barry		-3	-69	66
Dick Bartell		40	160	-120
Larry Bowa		-8	-89	81
Al Bridwell		-58	50	-108
Don Buddin		-50	6	-56
Bert Campaneris		21	-93	114
Leo Cardenas		46	-30	76
Chico Carrasquel	60	-19	79
Dave Concepcion		153	-35	188
Frankie Crosetti	25	-26	51

All before I even get to the letter D.

So who’s right? I don’t know.

III. My Hall

I’ll provide a long list of shortstops and their assessed fielding performances
at the end. For now, I’m going to skip to combining the fielding and batting
levels of these players to generate my own list of who was the best overall
shortstop in major league history. OK, so “the best” isn’t a debate. The list
after that might provide some, though. I did it like this:

1. I only looked at players for the years in which they were a regular SS,
   i.e., they led their team in games at SS. Time spent as a backup or playing
   some other position gives you no credit.

2. The value I used was batting runs above replacement offensively, or BRAR
   (defined as a .230 EQA, where .260 is league average or 1.2 runs per 27 outs
   below average) plus fielding runs above replacement defensively, or FRAR (where
   86 is a replacement level fielder — think Hubie Brooks).

3. A player’s best five seasons, in terms of total RAR, were triple counted, to
   emphasize a high peak (i.e., they count once in the total, and then twice
   more).

4. Military service was treated by giving the player 75% of his average annual
   value in the two years before and after service.

How many people should be in the Hall, anyway? I think it’s fair to have called
the best two SS active at any given time to be Hall of Famers; over most of
baseball history, that means about 1 Hall of Fame SS per eight teams. Let’s
spread that over twelve-year careers, and call it one Hall of Fame SS per 96
team-years. Since 1893, there have been 1958 team-seasons, which suggests 20
Hall of Famers. Don’t you love even numbers? Some of them are active or very
recently retired; I’ll note the ones who have already reached the top 20 level
all-time.

An easy number one is still Honus Wagner. His bat earns him 1026 BRAR, one of
the all-time great scores for any position, without including his years at
first base, outfield, or as a multi-position star, which he was before settling
on SS, and 400 more than any other SS. His fielding RAR, 533, is seventh-best
all-time. He has the best peak by far at 706. His total, then, only as a SS, is
1026 + 533 + 706*2, or 2972.

The second best is still active, but no longer plays short. Cal Ripken gets 589
for his bat (3rd among SS), 557 for his glove (6th), and a 554 peak (3rd) for a
total of 2254.

Third, and shamefully overlooked for the Hall for many years, is Arky Vaughan.
His 626 BRAR and 571 peak rank second only to Wagner. He only netted 371 runs
afield, which is why Cal passes him. Total: 2139.

Fourth best is the man long named as the American League’s top SS ever, and
prior to Cal I guess I’d agree. Joe Cronin was absolutely phenomenal afield in
the early 1930s, though his numbers collapsed after moving to Fenway. But he
was a great hitter, amassing 513 BRAR, a 410 FRAR, and a 4th-best 527 peak, for
a total of 1977.

Fifth is, unbelievably in a complex system like this, a tie. Luke Appling was a
wonderful leadoff hitter for many years, and earned 551 BRAR – more than any SS
outside the top 3. His fielding was slightly above average, at 453, but his
peak was much less than Cronin’s, at only 448. He also gets a 40-run bonus for
his service in the Second World War, giving him a total of 1940.

Also totaling 1940 is my highest-rated non-Hall of Famer, turn of the century
shortstop Bill Dahlen. Often paired nowadays with similarly excluded George
Davis, he is, in my eyes, clearly the better player. His bat is lighter than
anyone above him (468 BRAR), but he has the best glove yet seen at 624. His
peak totaled 424.

In the seven spot is, in my opinion, the best fielding SS of all time. Ozzie
Smith’s bat only earned him 333 BRAR over his career, but the 694 FRAR – 70
more than second-place Dahlen, and more than anybody except Wagner got with
their bat – offsets much of that. His peak of 412 was fielding-driven to a
large extent, and produces a total of 1851. Welcome to my Hall, Mr. Smith.

Eighth, despite a short career, is Lou Boudreau. An outstanding hitter and
fielder, he picks up 449 with the bat, 364 with the glove, and a very
impressive 521 peak for a total of 1835.

I think that #9 will be a controversial pick, not for the person but for being
this high. His numbers don’t really stand out in any way, 417 batting, 408
glove, 403 peak… but I figure that he’s missing 100 from his batting numbers,
and 55 off his fielding, for three years of service in the Second World War.
Pee Wee Reese is comfortably above my Hall line even without that bonus,
pushing him up to a total of 1786.

Rounding out the top 10 will be another real old-timer, longtime Brownie Bobby
Wallace. As forgotten today as Dahlen, he would have deserved most of the AL
Gold Gloves after the turn of the century if they had been thought of then, and
piled up a 10th-best 521 FRAR. He wasn’t a bad hitter, but not especially good
either. He winds up chalking up 347 BRAR with a 442 peak, totaling him up at
1752.

Eleventh, a man who perhaps deserves to be higher because I have totally
ignored what was virtually a second career as a first baseman, is Ernie Banks.
His 444 BRAR and 254 FRAR are low, but a fifth-best 521 peak brings his total
up 1740. An easy Hall choice.

Now we’re to the point that choices will become a little more controversial,
and my pick for twelfth is no exception. He’s not in the real Hall, and isn’t
considered a strong candidate for it. I see his 586 FRAR as the fifth best of
all-time, and his 424 peak is reasonably strong, despite just racking up 257
BRAR. This is the man I’ve already discussed at length, Dave Concepcion,
scoring a 1691.

Thirteen isn’t in the Hall either, but probably will be. In my eyes he was a
good hitter and an average fielder, getting 443 bat, 399 glove, and a 420 peak,
which includes a MVP award that he should have won. Step up, Alan Trammell,
you’ve earned it with a 1682 score.

Fourteen is another glove man. His glove got him a third-best 619 FRAR, but his
bat was the weakest of my Hall worthies at just 224. Likewise, he peaked at a
sub-standard 398 (mostly from fielding). He’s considered one of the real Hall
of Fame’s weakest choices, but Rabbit Maranville’s 1639 makes mine.

At fifteen and climbing is Barry Larkin, who’s already established his value in
this little pantheon. So far, he’s picked up 408 at bat, 320 with the glove,
and has had a 454 peak for a total of 1636. A good year in ’98 will carry him
past Concepcion.

Vern Stephens gets the 16th slot. He was certainly not as bad fielder as
anecdotes seem to make him out to be, usually in comparisons with Rizzuto. For
me he rates as a little above average there. He had a booming bat, making for a
relatively high 456 peak to go with 386 batting and 306 fielding – the lowest
fielding score in this group. That’s a 1604 total, though, and gets him in.

A step below, in 17th place, is Hall of Fame whipping boy Joe Tinker. Elected
by a poem, some say. Well, his 522 FRAR are eighth on the all-time list, and
his career fielding rate of 110 ranks first. He wasn’t a strong hitter – I give
him 259 – and his peak is only 402. But that’s good for 1585, and that
*doesn’t* count his Federal League time. He’s in.

Eighteenth is the man who, like Banks, had a long career at other positions.
Robin Yount isn’t getting any credit for his outfield years, but 370 BRAR, 317
FRAR, and a 435 peak just in his career as a shortstop gets him a combined
score of 1557, and a spot on my list.

Nineteenth is a paradoxical player. He was a great fielder – DFTs give him
seven Gold Gloves on his career, and his 590 FRAR are fourth all-time – but his
career rate was only 102. Regarded in his day as a wonderful leadoff man, he
was a terrible hitter, with only 284 BRAR in a very long career. His peak
score, 341, is horribly low for a Hall of Famer. It is all just enough for me
to get Luis Aparicio into my Hall with a 1556 mark.

And finally, in 20th place, is a man I thought wouldn’t make it, because I gave
his greatest asset, fielding, so much less value than Palmer did. Still, Dave
Bancroft had 435 FRAR, to go with 291 batting and a 392 peak, and sneaks into
my top 20 with 1510 – which, incidentally, makes 1500 a nice round number for
Hall of Fame qualification.

How about the Cooperstown picks who didn’t make mine? Well, Travis Jackson is a
bad joke, with 252 at bat, 230 at glove, and a 332 peak for just 1146. His
career comes in somewhere around 45th place.

Phil Rizzuto is a near miss, coming in 22nd for me. With just 224 at bat, 375
in the field and a 372 peak, plus a 140 bonus for World War II leaves him at
1483. I could see an argument that gives him 100% of the seasons he missed
during his military service, which would net him about 50 more points and put
him ahead of Bancroft, but I think he pretty much defines the proper bottom
edge for Hall of Fame shortstops.

Hughie Jennings’ career as a player was just too short. A regular SS for just
six seasons, he gets 239 bat and 273 field, and 478 of that 512 total counts as
peak. Considering he was playing 132-game seasons, that rivals Vaughan for
second-best peak ever. He racked up a 1468.

Joe Sewell doesn’t get any extra credit from me for avoiding the strikeout. 293
BRAR, 271 FRAR, and a 398 peak, totaling 1364, doesn’t come particularly close.

What about George Davis? Where is he? With me he finished right between Rizzuto
and Jennings, with a 1469 mark. He was sort of a reverse Yount: he started off
in the outfield, then moved to the infield, spending a couple of years at third
before going to short. He was a good, but not great, hitter, and picked up 395
BRAR for his SS years (and about 300 more from his other positions). And, yes,
he missed the entire 1903 season because of an interleague dispute, a season
that might well have earned him the 60 he needs to move past Bancroft. He does
not emerge from my system as a good fielder… just average, with a 270 mark.
His peak, 402, is very good, but not in any way remarkable. He probably should
be in the Hall, but his performance at shortstop alone doesn’t do it for me.

Bert Campaneris is another near miss. Like Concepcion, I give him considerably
more for his fielding than TB does, but a 325 BRAR, 423 FRAR, and a 369 Peak
comes out to 1486 and is just a little bit short. Donie Bush had a long career,
a great batting eye, and was terrific his first couple of years in the field,
but his fielding numbers dropped steadily for the rest of his career. He
finished at 283 BRAR, 400 FRAR, a 391 Peak, and a total of 1465.

How about Ray Chapman? He had seven seasons as a regular SS for the Indians,
picking up 229 BRAR and 182 FRAR. Defensively, he was behind Peckinpaugh and
Scott, even if he was a much better hitter. He seems to have been fragile,
missing considerable time almost every year, and only gets a 325 peak. That’s
just 1061. The what-if game says he may have been able to double the bat and
field numbers, and perhaps up the peak to 375, and that would push him up to
1572, which puts him in my Hall, but not as a slam-dunk candidate.

IV. The Main Table

In this chart, I’ve summarized the players career fielding accomplishments.
“Years” refers only to the player’s years as a regular shortstop for his team;
a notation such as Alley’s 1965-72×69 means that he was the regular from the
years 1965 to 1972 inclusive, except for 1969. In cases where a player was on
two teams in one year, only the primary team is counted; the only exception I
know of is the Bartell/Fletcher trade of 1920. Stats were counted for both
teams in that one.

“Rating” is my rating of the player, with 100 = league average. If it seems
that most players are above 100, relax; the list only includes players who were
their teams regular shortstops for at least five seasons, and you’d expect that
anybody who stays on that long was above average.

“RAR” is the number of career Runs Above Replacement the player earned for his
rating. A replacement player has a fielding rating of 86, and an RAR of
(obviously) zero; an average shortstop would have about 30 RAR per 162 games,
although this number is slightly variable over time (especially in pre-1920
ball, when it was as high as 35).

“RAA” is Runs Above Average (average being a 100 player), which is the standard
used by Palmer.

“Palm” is Palmer’s Fielding Runs for only the years in question. Data was from
Total Baseball II, except for players who were rated in years 1991 or later;
for those players, the Palm value for their entire career came from the TB
website (www.totalbaseball.com). Palm data for 1997 was not available, so the
RAA and Palm for active shortstops are not completely comparable.

“Notes” is other things I wanted to add. “AGG” is Actual Gold Gloves; there
weren’t any before 1957. “CGG” are the seasons for which I would have rated
this player the best in the league; this was determined by a combination of RAR
and rating (2*rate+RAR, so a SS with a 110/41 season would get the nod over
another who was 108/44).

It was apparent from making this chart that there is a time-dependent character
to the ratings that I have not removed. A 110 rating was comparatively easier
to achieve the farther back in time you go; turn-of-the-century leagues always
had one or two players who were so much worse than everybody else that the rest
of the players had their ratings inflated (since the league, as a whole, is
always 100). While the occasional experiment with a Hubie Brooks still takes
place, the top-to-bottom disparity is never so great, anymore, as it used to
be, which is consistent with what Stephen Jay Gould has to say about changes in
player populations over time.

Name (Years)			Rating	RAR	RAA	Palm	Notes
Gene Alley (1965-72x69)		100.7	178	8	70	AGG 66-67
Luis Aparicio (1956-73)		102.0	590	74	50	AGG 58-62,64,66,68,70; CGG 56,59-61,64-65,68
Luke Appling (1932-49x44,45,48)	101.8	453	29	65	CGG 35
Dave Bancroft (1915-29x24)	102.2	435	59	204	CGG 20,25
Ernie Banks (1954-61)		102.3	254	35	0	AGG 60; CGG 59,60
Jack Barry (1909-14)		99.8	154	-3	-69
Dick Bartell (1929-40)		101.7	370	40	160	CGG 32,34,37,40
Mark Belanger (1968-81x79)	106.2	487	149	145	AGG 69,71,73-78; CGG 76,78
Jay Bell (1988-97)		101.5	284	28	58	AGG 93; CGG 93,97
Jeff Blauser (1990,1993-7)	98.7	115	-12	-47
Mike Bordick (1991,93-97)	98.8	137	-13	0
Lou Boudreau (1940-49)		105.5	364	103	143	CGG 43,47
Larry Bowa (1970-84)		99.7	441	-8	-89	AGG 72,78; CGG 78
Eddie Bressoud (1959-66x61,65)	98.5	129	-16	4	CGG 62
Al Bridwell (1906-11,13)	95.3	113	-58	50
Ed Brinkman (1963-74x68)	103.2	390	73	94	AGG 72; CGG 66,71
Don Buddin (1956-61x57)		94.5	78	-50	6
Rick Burleson	1975-81			106.8	312	102	91	AGG 79; CGG 79
Donie Bush	1909-21			102.0	400	51	21	CGG 09-10
Bert Campaneris	1965-79			100.7	423	21	-93	CGG 73,77
Leo Cardenas	1962-72			101.9	391	46	-30	AGG 65,69-70
Chico Carrasquel	1950-57,59	103.6	290	60	-19	CGG 51,54
Ray Chapman		1913-20x16	101.4	182	16	30
Dave Concepcion		1970-85		105.0	586	153	-35	AGG 74-77,79; CGG 74-77
Tommy Corcoran		1892-1906x97,01	108.0	522	189	86	CGG 1895,98-99,1904
Joe Cronin		1929-41		104.8	410	105	60	CGG 30-33
Frankie Crosetti	1932-40,43,45	101.3	300	25	-26	CGG 38-39
Monte Cross	1895-1904,06	95.4	205	-101	8
Bill Dahlen	1892-1908	107.4	624	216	295	CGG 00,03
Al Dark	1948-57	98.8	239	-22	-23	CGG 54
George Davis	1897-1907x03	100.4	270	7	199	CGG 05
Ivan DeJesus	1977-84	97.3	196	-47	23
Joe DeMaestri	1952-9	97.5	153	-33	-18
Bucky Dent	1974-81,83	103.9	314	69	47	CGG 80
Gary DiSarcina	1992-97	103.7	194	41	8	CGG 94
Mickey Doolan	1905-13	107.8	391	140	101	CGG 10-11,13
Frank Duffy	1972-7	99.3	149	-8	35
Shawon Dunston	1985-97x92,93,96	98.3	199	-28	32
Leo Durocher	1929-39	103.0	325	57	-9	CGG 29,35
Kid Elberfeld	1901-07	100.4	162	5	63
Chico Fernandez	1957-62x59	101.0	140	9	-88
Tony Fernandez	1985-93,95	102.4	321	47	30	AGG 86-89; CGG 85
Art Fletcher	1912-22x21	109.5	458	184	159	CGG 15,17-19
Scott Fletcher	1983-89x85	100.7	124	6	-5
Tim Foli	1972-83	100.3	310	7	45
Julio Franco	1983-7	98.3	119	-16	-57
Jim Fregosi	1963-71	98.8	234	-22	-23	AGG 67
Greg Gagne	1985-97	103.7	404	83	49	CGG 92,97
Chick Galloway	1920-6	92.8	84	-89	-29
Wally Gerber	1919-28x25	102.1	244	32	42	CGG 20,23,28
Alfredo Griffin	1979-91	99.7	333	-9	-18	AGG 85; CGG 85
Dick Groat	1952,55-66	102.1	422	55	31	CGG 63
Ozzie Guillen	1985-97x92	105.3	447	123	37	AGG 90; CGG 86-88,93
Granny Hamner	1949-52,56	105.1	193	52	-23	CGG 49-51
Ron Hansen	1960-68x62,66	103.7	239	50	79
Toby Harrah	1971-76	96.3	106	-38	-7
Bud Harrelson	1967-77x75	100.8	264	14	-24	AGG 71; CGG 71
Enzo Hernandez	1971-76x73	97.5	99	-22	-1
Travis Jackson	1924-31,34	98.8	230	-21	109	CGG 27
Hugh Jennings	1892,94-98	111.3	273	122	148	CGG 1894,96,97; Highest rating in
list
Eddie Joost	1941-42,47-52	96.1	144	-56	-24
Billy Jurges	1932-43x40	102.5	342	51	132	CGG 36
Buddy Kerr	1944-51	103.6	249	50	86	CGG 47
Don Kessinger	1965-78x77	99.4	366	-18 	77	AGG 69-70; CGG 68
Tony Kubek	1958-65x62	103.8	198	42	48	CGG 58
Harvey Kuenn	1953-7	96.0	105	-42	-113
Barry Larkin	1987-96	104.6	320	80	59	AGG 94-96; CGG 90-91
Lyn Lary	1930-31,34-38	99.8	182	-3	12
Doc Lavan	1914-21	99.4	183	-8	73
Johnny LeMaster	1978-84	94.2	96	-68	-46
Johnny Logan	1952-60	104.7	338	85	97	CGG 53
Rabbit Maranville	1913-31x18,26,27	106.4	619	193	160	CGG 14,16,21-23,28,29
Marty Marion	1940-50	106.9	440	145	100	CGG 40,44,46,48
Dal Maxvill	1966-73	108.2	297	110	107	AGG 68; CGG 66-67,70
George McBride	1905-16x07	107.5	458	160	177	CGG 12-13,16
Roy McMillan	1952-65x59	106.5	504	159	65	AGG 57-59; CGG 52,55-57,61
Dennis Menke	1964-70x65,68	95.6	86	-39	-72	CGG 64
Roger Metzger	1971-77	99.0	189	-14	-25	AGG 73
Gene Michael	1969-73	98.8	121	-11	46
Eddie Miller	1940-48	102.1	305	39	79
Billy Myers	1935-40	100.1	138	1	19
Skeeter Newsome	1936-37,39,43-47x45	101.4	163	15	25	CGG 36
Charley O'Leary	1904-07,13	98.9	119	-10	-25
Ivy Olson	1911,16-21	93.5	105	-91	-61
Spike Owen	1983-93x88	99.5	220	-8	70
Freddy Parent	1901-09x07	102.1	246	31	14	CGG 03
Freddie Patek	1969-80x70	98.3	261	-35	-27	CGG 72,74
Roger Peckinpaugh	1912-25	104.1	462	103	106	CGG 14,18,19,24
Rico Petrocelli	1965-70	104.1	191	43	19	CGG 67
Rafael Ramirez	1981-85,88-90	94.0	127	-96	-43
Pee Wee Reese	1940-42,46-56	100.6	408	17	-28	CGG 41-42
Craig Reynolds	1977-87x82,83,86	103.6	246	50	19
Cal Ripken	1982-96	103.4	557	108	17	AGG 91-92; CGG 83-84,91,95
Phil Rizzuto	1941-42,46-54	104.0	375	83	92	CGG 41,47,50
Billy Rogell	1932-38	106.1	310	94	58	CGG 34-35
Bill Russell	1972-83	101.0	354	24	-50	CGG 73
Heinie Sand	1923-28	92.8	86	-91	-22
Dick Schofield	1984-92,94	101.4	261	24	44
Everett Scott	1914-24	107.7	449	159	106	CGG 17-18,21-22
Joe Sewell	1921-28	102.2	271	37	81	CGG 25
Roy Smalley Jr.	1976-83	100.7	192	8	52
Roy Smalley Sr.	1948-53,55	94.0	82	-61	-1
Ozzie Smith	1978-94	106.3	694	215	235	AGG 80-92; CGG 79-82,85,87-88,92; Highest
RAR by wide margin; most CGGs
Chris Speier	1971-83	101.5	397	38	-72	CGG 72
Vern Stephens	1942-50	102.4	306	45	-31	CGG 44-45,48-49
Kurt Stillwell	1986,88-91	90.9	39	-73	-97	Worst rating on list
Frank Taveras	1974-81	96.8	162	-48	-171
Garry Templeton	1977-90	100.4	387	10	3
Dickie Thon	1982-83,86,89-91	104.2	216	50	36	CGG 83
Joe Tinker	1902-13	110.1	522	218	188	CGG 05,06,08; Highest RAA by very narrow
margin (ahead of Dahlen & Smith)
Alan Trammell	1978-91,94	100.6	399	17	-81	AGG 80-81,83-84
Jose Uribe	1985-91	104.8	217	55	47	CGG 86,89
Arky Vaughan	1932-41,43	103.4	371	71	-41	CGG 38
Zoilo Versalles	1961-68	101.6	253	25	6	AGG 63,65
Tom Veryzer	1975-81	100.3	158	3	-4
Omar Vizquel	1989-97	99.2	211	-13	51	AGG 93-96; His numbers at Seattle and
Cleveland both are consistently average.
Heinie Wagner	1907-13x11	101.4	170	15	30
Honus Wagner	1901-16x02	106.9	533	176	114	CGG 07,09,12
Bobby Wallace	1899-1912	107.0	521	158	170	CGG 01,02,04,07,08
Buck Weaver	1912-15,18	98.8	122	-12	34	CGG 15
Walt Weiss	1988-97x91	99.1	192	-13	-54
Maury Wills	1960-66,69-71	103.2	335	62	34	AGG 61-62; CGG 65
Bobby Wine	1962-71x66,68	101.1	202	14	116	AGG 63
Glenn Wright	1924-32x29,31	102.8	230	38	-36	CGG 24,27,30
Robin Yount	1974-84	100.7	317	14	14	AGG 82; CGG 81